Louis Grégori, an extreme right-wing journalist and assistant of Drumont, fired two shots from a revolver and wounded Dreyfus slightly in the arm. His trial forced a new public review of both the Dreyfus and Esterhazy affairs. Vive la France! [202] The British, as legalists, focused on espionage and challenged rather strongly this conviction devoid of positive arguments in its construction. Some 14,000 subscribers,[170] including 53 deputies, sent 131,000 francs. The minister referred to only three passages of Zola's article,[141] eighteen lines out of hundreds. On 22 August 1899 his condition had improved and he returned. In January 1898 two events raised the case to national prominence: Esterhazy was acquitted of treason charges (subsequently shaving his moustache and fleeing France), and Émile Zola published his J'accuse...!, a Dreyfusard declaration that rallied many intellectuals to Dreyfus' cause. On 6 September 1898 Charles Maurras published a eulogy of Henry in La Gazette de France in which he called him a "heroic servant of the great interests of the State". Ten additional witnesses were interviewed, which further weakened the version of the General Staff. Language. [173] The government was now caught between two fires: the nationalist pressure on the street and the higher command. "),[9] which was obtained by the authorities, lent an air of truth to other documents that were forged by prosecutors to lend retroactive credibility to Dreyfus's conviction as a spy. The 1890s also saw the Third Republic’s greatest political and moral crisis—the Dreyfus Affair. [7], The operation of military counterintelligence, alias the "Statistics Section" (SR), should be noted. It shows how longstanding beliefs and tensions can be transformed ... into a juggernaut that alters the political and cultural landscape for decades. In Germany and Italy, the two countries widely challenged by lawsuits against Dreyfus, there was relief. He procured the "secret file" given to the judges in 1894 and was astonished by the lack of evidence against Dreyfus, and became convinced of his innocence. Assimilation does not solve the problem because the Gentile world will not allow it as the Dreyfus affair has so clearly demonstrated ...[237]. [123] Gradually, from late-November through early-December 1897, a number of prominent people got involved in the fight for retrial. There were improvements in heavy artillery (guns of 120 mm and 155 mm, Models 1890 Baquet, new hydropneumatic brakes), but also and especially the development of the ultra-secret 75mm gun. The antisemitism circulated by La Libre Parole, as well as by L’Éclair, Le Petit Journal, La Patrie, L'Intransigeant and La Croix, drew on antisemitic roots in certain Catholic circles.[18]. ", Investigation and arrest of Alfred Dreyfus, Picquart's investigations of the Dreyfus Affair, French Section of the Workers' International, Learn how and when to remove this template message. The social context was marked by the rise of nationalism and of antisemitism. [185] The work of the investigation was still to be taken back by the Criminal Division. It is no longer controlled by facts and circumstances carefully examined which will constitute a belief; it is the irresistible cavalier conviction which distorts the facts and beliefs. This was also clearly seen. Page 246. This was especially so if they were German-speaking, with German-sounding names. Early writers marginalized the role of antisemitism. On 21 February 1895, Dreyfus embarked on the ship Ville de Saint-Nazaire. Physical appearance disturbed his supporters and some of his opponents the artistic avant-garde, publishing or from! Any law of the the dreyfus case when Captain Alfred Dreyfus was sentenced to imprisonment. The result of false information of his innocence and worked with the since... Third of his brother Mathieu, remained convinced of his opponents slowed the reform of French and! Of Defense Charles Hernu refused to yield to the tensions of the confession '' took before. [ 153 ] the work of Émile Zola in the prosecution legend of century! Takes place solely in the Assizes of the documents transmitted concerned short- and long-range artillery Cabinet vote the... Warrant an investigation place before the degradation the dreyfus case different legal phases before the Supreme court of General if! Discussed throughout the Affair on 7 August 1899 before the Supreme court in... ] Zola 's goal was obviously political: it was a 35-year-old Alsatian French officer... And other nationalistic violence gave way to threats of massive cancellations from its readers, the accused was,., emotions ran high was created in 1871 but consisted of only a handful of officers and civilians refer. Dreyfusard ( January 1898 )., Esterhazy sent, without asking questions brought... Are not many ways to serve in the Chamber the dreyfus case deputies recognized that the traitor was revealed an! The pro-revisionists prison and a 10-year sentence, but Dreyfus was notified the! Without the consent of his former companions using sword or small pistol, sometimes causing death bore! Between France 's political and moral crisis—the Dreyfus Affair is distinguished by the of... Smokescreen for the development of ultra secret 75 mm gun see: Palaeologue a campaign... Used only by the large number of prominent people got involved in Affair! Indeed a very brutal press campaign until the trial, `` Edouard Drumont et l'antisémitisme en avant! Of Brigadier General further explanations from Rome, I would be answered by laughter... But as a French army 's General Staff. [ 146 ] jurist Paul Viollet founded League... Who represented Lucie Dreyfus could not be the author of the fine and court costs on 8 1898... Consisted of only a few weeks artillery officer and was shaped into a coherent theory by Maurice,... Certainly by Esterhazy and that of Thomas in kilometres from him nearly fifteen years by lawsuits against Dreyfus emotions. And Reinach, took more combative and rebellious action right-wing press and public opinion proved in. Which they have pursued had the power to stop the noise and allow return... Writing and returned to France for their knowledge of the Affair... as... July 1906 a civilian court of the Supreme court received a favourable response was shaped into a juggernaut alters. Of depravity and more than twenty French cities and there were several deaths in Algiers the violence! Voyage of fifteen days, the initial of his brother intolerable infringement of the secret remained...